Embassy of Ukraine in the USA / ?????????? ??????? ? ???
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February 28
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History of Crimea
Crimea, or the Crimean Peninsula, located on the northern coast of the
Black Sea, has a history of over 2000 years. The territory has been
conquered and controlled many times throughout this history.
The Cimmerians, Greeks, Scythians, Goths, Huns, Bulgars, Khazars, the
state of Kievan Rus', Byzantine Greeks, Kipchaks, Ottoman Turks, Golden
Horde Tatars and the Mongols all controlled Crimea in its early history.
In the 13th century, it was partly controlled by the Venetians and by
the Genovese; they were followed by the Crimean Khanate and the Ottoman
Empire in the 15th to 18th centuries, the Russian Empire in the 18th to
20th centuries, the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic and
later the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic within the Soviet Union in
the rest of the 20th century, and Germany during World War II.
In 1774, the Crimean Khans fell under Russian influence with the Treaty
of K���k Kaynarca. In 1783, the entire Crimea was annexed by the Russian
Empire. The Taurida Oblast was created by a decree of Catherine the
Great on 2 February 1784.
By the late 19th century, Crimean Tatars continued to form a slight
plurality of Crimea's still largely rural population but there were
large numbers of Russians and Ukrainians as well as smaller numbers of
Germans, Jews (including Krymchaks and Crimean Karaites), Bulgarians,
Belarussians, Turks, Armenians, and Greeks and Gypsies.
The Crimean War (1853--1856) was part of a long-running contest between
the major European powers for influence over territories of the
declining Ottoman Empire. The war devastated much of the economic and
social infrastructure of Crimea. The Crimean Tatars had to flee from
their homeland en masse, forced by the conditions created by the war,
persecution and land expropriations. Those who survived the trip, famine
and disease, resettled in Dobruja, Anatolia, and other parts of the
Ottoman Empire.
Following the Russian Revolution of 1917, the military and political
situation in Crimea was chaotic like that in much of Russia. Crimea
changed hands several times over the course of the conflict and several
political entities were set up on the peninsula. On October 18, 1921,
the Crimean Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic was created as part of
the Russian SFSR which, in turn, became part of the new Soviet Union.
On May 18, 1944 the entire population of the Crimean Tatars were
forcibly deported in the "S�rg�n" (Crimean Tatar for exile) to Central
Asia by Joseph Stalin's Soviet government as a form of collective
punishment on the grounds that they had collaborated with the Nazi
occupation forces. An estimated 46% of the deportees died from hunger
and disease. On June 26 of the same year Armenian, Bulgarian and Greek
population was also deported to Central Asia. By the end of summer 1944,
the ethnic cleansing of Crimea was complete. In 1967, the Crimean Tatars
were rehabilitated, but they were banned from legally returning to their
homeland until the last days of the Soviet Union.
The Crimean Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic was abolished in 30
June 1945 and transformed into the Crimean Oblast (province) of the
Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (RSFSR).
On 19 February 1954, the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR
issued a decree on the transfer of the Crimean region of the RSFSR to
the Ukrainian SSR. This Supreme Soviet Decree states that this transfer
was motivated by "the commonality of the economy, the proximity, and
close economic and cultural relations between the Crimean region and the
Ukrainian SSR".
With the collapse of the Soviet Union, Crimea became part of the newly
independent Ukraine. With the ratification of the May 1997 Treaty of
Friendship, Cooperation, and Partnership, Moscow recognized Ukraine's
borders and territorial integrity, and accepted Ukraine's sovereignty
over Crimea and Sevastopol.
Historical population statistics
. First quarter of 18th century --- 467,000 total inhabitants (95.1%
Crimean Tatars, 2.6% Greeks, 2.1% Armenians, 0.2% Krymchaks and Karaites)
. 1760s and 1770s --- 454,700 (92.6% Crimean Tatars, 4% Greeks, 3.1%
Armenians, 0.3% Krymchaks and Karaites)
. 1795 --- 156,400 (87.6% Crimean Tatars, 4.3% Russians, 1.9% Greeks,
1.7% Gypsies, 1.5% Karaites, 1.3% Ukrainians, 0.8% Jews, 0.6% Armenians,
0.1% Germans, 0.1% Bulgarians)
. 1816 --- 212,600 (85.9% Crimean Tatars, 4.8% Russians, 3.7%
Ukrainians, 1.4% Karaites, 1.3% Armenians, 0.9% Jews, 0.8% Greeks, 0.7%
Germans, 0.4% Bulgarians)
. 1835 --- 279,400 (83.5% Crimean Tatars, 4.4% Russians, 3.1%
Ukrainians, 2.4% Gypsies, 2% Greeks, 1.5% Armenians, 1.1% Karaites, 0.9%
Jews, 0.7% Germans, 0.4% Bulgarians)
. 1850 --- 343,500 (77.8% Crimean Tatars, 7% Ukrainians, 6.6% Russians,
2% Greeks, 1.9% Gypsies, 1.3% Karaites, 1% Armenians, 1% Germans, 0.9%
Jews, 0.5% Bulgarians)
. 1858 --- 331,300 (73% Crimean Tatars, 12.6% Russians, 4% Ukrainians,
2.4% Greeks, 2% Gypsies, 1.8% Jews, 1.5% Germans, 1.3% Armenians, 0.8%
Karaites, 0.6% Bulgarians)
. 1864 --- 198,700 (50.3% Crimean Tatars, 28.5% Russians and Ukrainians,
6.5% Greeks, 5.3% Jews, 2.9% Armenians, 2.7% Germans, 1.7% Karaites,
1.6% Bulgarians)
. 1897 --- 546,700 (35.6% Crimean Tatars, 33.1% Russians, 11.8%
Ukrainians, 5.8% Germans, 4.4% Jews, 3.1% Greeks, 1.5% Armenians, 1.3%
Bulgarians, 1.2% Poles, 0.3% Turks)
. 1917 --- 749,800 (41.2% Russians, 28.7% Crimean Tatars, 8.6%
Ukrainians, 6.4% Jews, 4.9% Germans, 2.9% Greeks, 1.6% Armenians, 1.4%
Bulgarians, 0.8% Poles, 0.7% Turks)
. 1920 --- 718,900 (44.1% Russians, 26% Crimean Tatars, 7.4% Ukrainians,
6.7% Jews, 5.9% Germans, 3.3% Greeks, 1.7% Armenians, 1.5% Bulgarians,
0.8% Karaites, 0.8% Poles)
. 1926 --- 713,800 (42.2% Russians, 25.1% Crimean Tatars, 10.9%
Ukrainians, 6.1% Germans, 5.5% Jews, 2.2% Greeks, 1.6% Armenians, 1.6%
Bulgarians, 0.6% Karaites)
. 1934 --- 832,000 (44% Russians, 23.8% Crimean Tatars, 10.9%
Ukrainians, 8.1% Jews, 6.1% Germans, 1.7% Armenians, 1.4% Bulgarians)
. 1937 --- 996,800 (47.7% Russians, 20.7% Crimean Tatars, 12.9%
Ukrainians, 5.5% Jews, 5.1% Germans, 2.,2% Greeks, 1,5% Bulgarians, 0,3%
Karaites)
. 1939 --- 1,123,800 (49.6% Russians, 19.4% Crimean Tatars, 13.7%
Ukrainians, 5.8% Jews, 4.5% Germans, 1.8% Greeks, 1.4% Bulgarians, 1.1%
Armenians, 0.5% Poles)
. 1959 --- 1,201,500 (71.4% Russians, 22.3% Ukrainians, 2.2% Jews, 0.1%
Poles)
. 1979 --- 2,135,900 (68.4% Russians, 25.6% Ukrainians, 1.1% Jews, 0.7%
Crimean Tatars, 0.3% Poles, 0.2% Armenians, 0.2% Greeks)
. 1989 --- 2,430,500 (67.1% Russians, 25.8% Ukrainians, 1.6% Crimean
Tatars, 0.7% Jews, 0.3% Poles, 0.1% Greeks)
. 2001 --- 2,024,056 (58.3% Russians, 24.3% Ukrainians, 12.1% Crimean
Tatars, 1.4% Belarusians, 0.5% Tatars, 0.4% Armenians, 0.2% each of
Jews, Poles, Moldovans and Azeris, 0.1% each of Uzbeks, Koreans
(Koryo-saram), Greeks, Germans, Mordvins, Chuvashes, Gypsies,
Bulgarians, Georgians and Maris, as well as Karaites, Krymchaks, and
others).
This archive was generated by hypermail 2b30 : Tue Apr 01 2014 - 00:57:07 EST